Top 10 Best 2 Slice Toaster With Wide Slot You Need Now!

Choosing the right toaster can be more challenging than it seems, especially when you want to toast different types of bread without worrying about size restrictions. Many standard toasters struggle to fit thicker slices or specialty breads, which can be frustrating for daily use. The best 2 slice toaster with wide slot offers a practical solution for those who value versatility and convenience.

This type of toaster is designed to handle everything from bagels to thick artisanal bread, making it ideal for small households or anyone with limited kitchen space. This review will cover the key features that make these toasters stand out, such as slot width, performance, ease of cleaning, and build quality.

By the end, you’ll have a clearer idea of which model fits your needs and how it can improve your breakfast routine without unnecessary fuss.

Discover the Perfect Blend of Style and Functionality for Your Morning Toast

Image	Product	Price
Our Recommended 1	GE 2 Slice Stainless Steel Toaster, Extra Wide Slots for	Check Price
Our Recommended 2	Toaster 2 Slice Wide Slot Toaster Best Rated Prime Displav	Check Price
Our Recommended 3	Keenstone Toaster 2 Slice, Retro Wide Slot Stainless Steel Toaster	Check Price

1. GE 2 Slice Stainless Steel Toaster, Extra Wide Slots for

Start your mornings right with the GE 2 Slice Stainless Steel Toaster, designed for versatile and even toasting. The wide slots accommodate an array of bread types, from thick bagels to delicate pastries, making breakfast quick and satisfying.

Experience customizable toasting with seven shade settings, allowing each user to enjoy their preferred level of crispness. Its sleek stainless steel finish complements any kitchen decor while delivering reliable performance.

The GE toaster offers a compact solution for two slices of bread with extra-wide slots measuring 38 x 50.

50. These slots easily fit a variety of breads, waffles, and bagels without sacrificing toasting efficiency. Adjusting to different browning preferences is simple with the seven manually controlled shade settings, ensuring consistent results every time.

Built with an 850-watt heating element, the toaster spreads heat evenly for uniform toasting on both sides. Its removable crumb tray allows for effortless cleaning, helping maintain a neat countertop. Designed for everyday use, this 2-slice toaster balances size and functionality without overwhelming kitchen space.

Perfect for small households or anyone seeking straightforward, dependable breakfast preparation, this toaster combines performance with style. It stands out from typical models by offering wider slots and precise toasting options, meeting a variety of morning meal needs efficiently.

Pros

• Extra wide slots fit various bread types and bagels easily
• Seven shade settings provide personalized toasting preferences
• Removable crumb tray simplifies cleanup and maintenance

Cons

• Manual controls may not appeal to those preferring digital interfaces

Combining style, versatility, and reliable performance, the GE 2 Slice Stainless Steel Toaster is a smart choice for those prioritizing even toasting and convenience. Its wide slots and adjustable settings make it a functional addition to any kitchen.

2. Toaster 2 Slice Wide Slot Toaster Best Rated Prime Displav

Experience convenience and versatility with this highly rated 2 slice wide slot toaster. Designed to accommodate various types of bread, it combines modern digital functionality with practical features to enhance your morning routine. Its clear LED display allows you to monitor the toasting progress at a glance.

Its clear LED display allows you to monitor the toasting progress at a glance.

The wide 5-inch slots fit bagels, muffins, thick slices, and more, making it a flexible addition to any kitchen.

Offering four essential functions—Reheat, Cancel, Defrost, and Bagel—this toaster meets diverse toasting needs quickly and efficiently. The defrost button revives frozen bread, while the bagel setting ensures the perfect bake.

Stop any cycle instantly with the cancel function for added control.

The digital countdown timer is easy to read and helps keep track of the remaining toasting time. Customizable settings include nine levels of browning control, allowing you to select from light to dark toast.

At 5 inches wide, the slots easily accommodate a variety of breads, including Texas toast and waffles.

Cleaning is simple thanks to the removable crumb tray, which slides out to catch leftover crumbs. Cord storage underneath keeps your countertop neat and organized. With a sturdy build and user-friendly design, this toaster delivers reliable performance that suits families and individuals alike.

With a sturdy build and user-friendly design, this toaster delivers reliable performance that suits families and individuals alike.

Pros

• Extra-wide slots for bagels and thick bread slices
• Digital LED timer with clear countdown display
• Four versatile functions including defrost and bagel settings

Cons

• Limited to two slices per cycle, which may be slow for larger households

Combining smart features and a wide slot design, this toaster delivers convenience and dependable quality. Its blend of performance and ease of use makes it a strong contender among similar models in its class. An excellent choice for those wanting flexibility without sacrificing simplicity.

An excellent choice for those wanting flexibility without sacrificing simplicity.

3. Keenstone Toaster 2 Slice, Retro Wide Slot Stainless Steel Toaster

Enjoy perfectly toasted bread with the Keenstone 2 Slice Retro Wide Slot Stainless Steel Toaster. Its charming retro design complements modern kitchens while delivering reliable performance.

With six browning settings and multiple toasting functions, this toaster caters to every family member’s preference. Its compact size hides a powerful 825-watt heating system that ensures fast, even toasting every time.

The Keenstone toaster combines style and functionality in one sleek appliance. It features extra-wide

5-inch slots that handle various bread types with ease. You can toast bagels, defrost frozen bread, or cancel the process whenever needed, providing full control over your breakfast.

Designed with user convenience in mind, this model includes a removable crumb tray for easy cleaning and a flat lever button for simple operation. The cord storage and non-slip base keep your countertop tidy and the toaster steady during use.

Built from durable 18/8 stainless steel, the housing stays cool to the touch and resists wear over time. Offering six browning levels and three distinct programs, it adapts well to different tastes, making it suitable for small households or anyone seeking versatility in a compact toaster.

Pros

• Extra-wide slots accommodate thick bagels and thick bread
• Multiple toasting settings including bagel, defrost, and cancel
• Durable stainless steel build with a cool-touch exterior

Cons

• Only two slots, which may be limiting for larger families

Overall, the Keenstone 2 Slice Wide Slot Toaster offers a balanced mix of style, ease, and performance. It stands out for its broad slot size and diverse functions, providing excellent value in a compact package.

4. Hamilton Beach Gourmet 2 Slice Slot Toaster with Extra Long

Experience perfectly toasted bread with the Hamilton Beach Gourmet 2 Slice Slot Toaster. Designed to handle longer and wider slices, it removes the hassle of trimming your favorite breads.

The toaster features seven browning levels to match diverse preferences while making breakfast quick and convenient. Its extra-wide, long slots accommodate thicker bread varieties without compromising quality.

With a thoughtful design, this toaster includes Sure-Toast technology that evenly browns one or two slices with no guesswork. The 5-inch extra-long slots are wider than standard models, fitting bagels, Texas toast, or artisanal bread effortlessly.

5-inch extra-long slots are wider than standard models, fitting bagels, Texas toast, or artisanal bread effortlessly. Toast Boost enhances usability by raising smaller breads, avoiding fumbling or burns when retrieving muffins or English muffins.

Built with safety and convenience in mind, the appliance offers automatic shut-off, a built-in timer, and a removable crumb tray for easy cleaning. Operating at 900 watts, it combines power with efficiency for smooth performance. The seven shade settings allow for precise control over crispness, catering to individual taste preferences.

Ideal for households seeking both form and function, this toaster balances modern features with reliable build quality. Its LED display and intuitive controls add ease to daily routines. Compared to many two-slice toasters, its combination of wider slots and thoughtful features stands out, especially for bread lovers who value consistent toasting without sacrifices.

Compared to many two-slice toasters, its combination of wider slots and thoughtful features stands out, especially for bread lovers who value consistent toasting without sacrifices.

Pros

• Extra-long, wide slots fit thicker and longer bread slices comfortably
• Sure-Toast technology ensures evenly browned toast every time
• Toast Boost facilitates easy removal of small breads like English muffins

Cons

• Limited to two slices per cycle, which might be slow for larger households

Delivering consistent, customizable toasting with extra-wide slots, this Hamilton Beach model offers a smart solution for diverse bread types. Its features and performance make it a practical addition to kitchens focused on quality and convenience.

5. Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Toaster with Extra-Wide Slots, Bagel Setting,

Upgrade your kitchen routine with the Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Toaster featuring extra-wide slots and a versatile bagel setting. Designed to handle various bread types with ease, it blends functionality with a sleek stainless steel design.

This toaster brings convenience and style to every breakfast table.

Perfectly toast everything from bagels to thicker slices like Texas toast. Seven adjustable shade settings ensure a personalized crispness for your favorite breads. The high-lift carriage and Toast Boost feature make retrieving smaller items simple and safe.

Experience effortless toasting with specialized modes such as bagel, defrost, and cancel options. The stainless steel body is durable and easy to clean, complementing modern kitchens with a hint of retro charm.

Controlling the toast’s darkness is intuitive thanks to the easy-to-grip shade selector.

Built for everyday use, this 850-watt appliance is ideal for individuals or small families looking for a reliable toaster. It’s equipped with a removable crumb tray that helps maintain a cleaner countertop without fuss. The automatic shut-off adds a layer of safety during operation.

Compared to other toasters in its class, this model offers extra-wide slots, allowing it to accommodate thicker slices that many compact toasters cannot. Its combination of performance and user-friendly features makes it a standout choice for those valuing both practicality and style.

Pros

• Extra-wide slots fit thick breads, bagels, and more with ease.
• Multiple functions including bagel, defrost, and cancel for versatile toasting.
• Removable crumb tray and high-lift carriage simplify cleaning and retrieval.

Cons

• Lacks a digital display, which some users might prefer for precise timing.

With a balanced blend of smart features and durable construction, the Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Toaster is an excellent choice for anyone seeking an effective, stylish toasting solution. It delivers consistent results and adapts well to a variety of bread types, making breakfast quick and enjoyable.

6. BUYDEEM DT620 2-Slice Toaster, Extra Wide Slots, Retro Stainless Steel

Experience perfect toasting tailored to your taste with the BUYDEEM DT620 2-Slice Toaster. Its retro stainless steel design brings a stylish touch to your kitchen while accommodating thick bread and bagels effortlessly.

Combining form and function, this toaster is designed for daily use by individuals who want versatility in a compact appliance. It balances classic aesthetics with modern convenience, making each breakfast or snack simple and satisfying.

The BUYDEEM DT620 offers two extra-wide slots measuring 4 inches each, perfectly suited for bagels, muffins, and thick slices of bread. Self-centering guides ensure even toasting, while a high-lift lever helps you safely remove smaller items without burning your fingers.

The inclusion of a true bagel toasting function means both sides of the bagel heat initially, followed by toast focused only on the cut side for a crisp finish.

Its seven toast shade settings allow customization from lightly toasted to deep brown, indicated clearly through LED controls. With four programmed toast functions and 900 watts of power, the performance remains consistent and reliable. Cleanup is hassle-free thanks to a convenient front crumb tray that pulls out smoothly, avoiding messy countertop lifting.

The compact, space-saving design incorporates cord storage underneath, keeping countertops neat and clutter-free. Well-constructed with stainless steel, it feels sturdy and durable for everyday use. This toaster fits best for anyone needing an aesthetically attractive, efficient appliance capable of handling various bread types and toasted delicacies with precise control.

Pros

• Extra-wide slots with self-centering guides fit thick slices and bagels easily
• True bagel toasting function for perfect heat distribution on both sides
• Compact retro design with efficient cord storage to save countertop space

Cons

• Limited to two slices at once, which may not suit larger families

Overall, the BUYDEEM DT620 2-Slice Toaster delivers reliable, customizable toasting with a stylish retro flair. It stands out as a strong choice for anyone valuing both form and function in a compact kitchen appliance.

7. Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Extra Wide Slot Toaster with Bagel

Upgrade breakfast time with the Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Extra Wide Slot Toaster with Bagel. Designed to handle thicker breads and bagels effortlessly, it brings convenience and versatility to your kitchen. Preparing your favorite baked goods has never been easier or more enjoyable.

Whether toasting rustic artisan bread or a fluffy bagel, the extra wide slots accommodate a variety of bread types with ease. Its sleek stainless steel design fits perfectly alongside modern kitchen appliances, delivering both style and function in one compact device.

The Hamilton Beach toaster stands out with its extra-wide slots, perfect for bagels and thick-cut breads that often won’t fit in standard toasters. The dedicated bagel function toasts the cut side while gently warming the outer side, achieving ideal texture and temperature. This feature guarantees an enjoyable eating experience every time.

This feature guarantees an enjoyable eating experience every time.

It includes a handy toast boost function that lifts smaller items like English muffins and gluten-free slices, preventing frustrating removal attempts. Cleanup is simple with the drop-down crumb tray that catches crumbs and ensures counters stay tidy.

Customize your toast with seven shade settings to suit your preference, and a convenient cancel button lets you stop the toasting cycle whenever needed. At 750 watts and 120 volts, it offers reliable performance with easy manual controls and an LED display for clear feedback.

Compact yet functional, this toaster is ideal for those who appreciate freshly toasted bread and bagels without the fuss. Its lightweight build and attractive finish make it a popular choice for kitchens seeking both practicality and style.

Pros

• Extra-wide slots accommodate thick breads and bagels effortlessly.
• Bagel function toasts cut side while warming the outside perfectly.
• Toast boost feature lifts smaller breads for easy retrieval.

Cons

• Manual controls may lack advanced preset options found in some models.

The Hamilton Beach 2 Slice Extra Wide Slot Toaster offers versatility and user-friendly features that cater to varied breakfast needs. Its wide slots and bagel setting provide clear advantages over many traditional two-slice toasters, making it a smart addition to any kitchen counter.

8. BLACK+DECKER® 2-Slice Toaster with 7 Toast Shade Settings, Extra-Wide Slots

Start your mornings right with the BLACK+DECKER® 2-Slice Toaster featuring seven toast shade settings and extra-wide slots. Designed to handle everything from thin bread slices to thick bagels, this toaster offers enhanced versatility for your kitchen.

Its sleek stainless steel exterior adds a modern touch while promising durability.

Every slice is toasted evenly thanks to the automatic bread guides and self-centering slots. Whether you prefer lightly toasted bread or a deep golden crunch, the multiple shade settings put you in control.

The high-lift lever allows for safe removal of smaller slices without the risk of burning your fingers.

The design focuses on convenience and performance. Extra-wide slots comfortably fit bagels, artisan bread, and thick slices, accommodating your breakfast variety.

With seven toast shade settings, you can customize your toast level exactly to your liking. The high-lift lever offers easy and safe access, especially for smaller items that can be tricky to remove from traditional toasters.

Cleaning is hassle-free with the removable crumb tray, which catches crumbs and keeps your countertop tidy.

Its stainless steel construction not only looks stylish but also ensures long-lasting durability. Overall, this toaster blends functionality, style, and ease of use.

It’s suited for individuals or small families who want dependable toasting with versatile options and straightforward controls.

Pros

• Extra-wide self-centering slots that fit bagels and thick bread
• Seven toast shade settings for precise browning control
• Easy-clean removable crumb tray for mess-free maintenance

Cons

• Power cord length is somewhat short, which may limit placement options

Combining versatility and user-friendly features at a solid build quality, the BLACK+DECKER® 2-Slice Toaster offers great value. Its wide slots and adjustable settings make it a reliable choice for a consistent and enjoyable toasting experience in any kitchen.

9. bella 2 Slice Slim Toaster, Fits-anywhere™ Kitchenware, 6 Setting Shade

Discover the perfect blend of style and functionality with the Bella 2 Slice Slim Toaster. Designed to save counter space, its slim profile fits seamlessly into small kitchens or RVs without sacrificing performance.

Whether you prefer a light golden toast or a crispy dark finish, the six shade settings and convenient cancel function offer precise control. Keeping your toaster clean is simple thanks to the removable crumb tray, and the thoughtful cord wrap keeps your countertop tidy. An ideal solution for anyone looking for quality and compact design in one appliance.

An ideal solution for anyone looking for quality and compact design in one appliance.

The Bella toaster stands out with its slim 58-inch design, fitting comfortably in tight kitchen spots.

This wider slot provides a versatile toasting experience that few compact toasters offer.

Featuring six shade settings, users can customize their toast with simple dial adjustments. Additional functions include reheat, defrost, and cancel buttons for convenience, alongside an automatic shutoff for safety.

Cleanup is straightforward with a removable crumb tray that slides out effortlessly to catch leftovers. The high-lift lever makes removing smaller items safe and easy, avoiding fingers near hot elements. Its minimal design and the clean oatmilk finish blend well into modern or compact kitchen styles.

Its minimal design and the clean oatmilk finish blend well into modern or compact kitchen styles. This toaster suits anyone needing a stylish, space-efficient appliance with reliable performance across various bread types.

Pros

• Extra-wide 10-inch slot accommodates thick and artisan breads.
• Six shade settings plus reheat, defrost, and cancel functions.
• Compact slim design ideal for small kitchens and RVs.

Cons

• Limited to two slices at a time, which may be small for larger families.

The Bella 2 Slice Slim Toaster combines thoughtful design with versatile functionality, making it a top choice for compact spaces. Its wide slot and various settings provide flexibility not often found in slim models.

10. Elite Gourmet 2-Slice Cool Touch Toaster – 6 Browning Levels,

Discover the Elite Gourmet 2-Slice Cool Touch Toaster, designed to bring convenience and versatility to your kitchen. Its sleek black finish fits easily into small spaces while offering features that improve your toasting experience.

Equipped with six adjustable browning levels, this toaster gives you full control over your toast’s darkness. The extra-wide

25-inch slots accommodate thicker bread types without cramming or uneven heating. Safety-conscious features such as a cool-touch exterior make it practical for busy households and shared spaces.

The Elite Gourmet toaster excels in producing even, consistent toast, thanks to self-centering guides that ensure proper heat distribution. Its user-friendly dial and lever streamline the toasting process without the need for complicated settings. Cleanup is simple with a removable crumb tray, preventing mess and prolonging appliance life.

Built for daily use, this model combines reliable performance with thoughtful design elements like stable non-slip feet. While it may take slightly longer at higher browning levels compared to premium models, the consistent results make it a dependable choice.

Its compact footprint suits apartments, offices, and kitchens where countertop space is at a premium.

Ideal for those wanting a straightforward toaster that handles a variety of breads comfortably without added bells and whistles. It offers a practical balance of function, safety, and style for everyday use.

Pros

• Six browning settings for customizable toast preferences
• Extra-wide slots (1.25″) fit thick and specialty breads easily
• Cool touch exterior improves safety during use

Cons

• Toast may take longer on higher browning settings

The Elite Gourmet 2-Slice Cool Touch Toaster offers a reliable, no-fuss solution with thoughtful features that cater to everyday toasting needs. Its wide slots and even heating place it ahead of many basic toasters, making it a smart option for anyone wanting consistent results without complexity.

Top 2-Slice Toasters with Wide Slots: Buying Guide 2024

Ease of cleaning and maintenance

Choosing a toaster that offers easy cleaning and maintenance can make a significant difference in your daily kitchen routine. Models equipped with removable crumb trays simplify the process by allowing crumbs and food particles to be quickly discarded, preventing buildup and potential odors.

Additionally, toasters designed with accessible internal parts make it easier to perform any occasional deep cleaning or repairs without requiring complicated disassembly. These aspects combined help maintain the appliance in good working condition for a longer period, saving both time and effort in upkeep.

Build quality and design

When selecting a two slice toaster with wide slots, paying attention to the materials used can greatly impact its lifespan and daily performance. Appliances crafted from stainless steel tend to offer enhanced durability and a sleek appearance that complements many kitchen styles, while those made from sturdy plastic often provide a lighter weight and can be more budget friendly.

Alongside practical aspects, the design and color choices add a personal touch; a modern appliance in classic silver or a vibrant color can bring charm and coordination to your kitchen decor. Together, material quality, size, and style form the foundation for a satisfying and long-lasting addition to your countertop.

Toasting functions and settings

When choosing a device for toasting, it’s helpful to consider how its settings will fit your needs in the kitchen. Many models offer adjustable browning control levels, allowing you to select how light or dark you want your toast, which adds a personalized touch to your breakfast routine.

Specialty functions often include options like defrosting frozen bread, gently reheating without burning, or a bagel mode that toasts one side while warming the other, catering to different types of bread and preferences. Features that allow you to pause the toasting cycle come in handy if you need to check progress or retrieve toast mid-cycle, while cancel buttons provide an easy way to stop the process entirely if needed. These convenient controls contribute to a smoother experience and help prevent overcooking, making it simpler to achieve consistently satisfying results every time you use your toaster.

Slot size and bread compatibility

The width and length of toaster slots can greatly influence what types of bread toast evenly and fit comfortably without getting stuck. Wide slots accommodate thicker slices such as artisan bread, bagels, and specialty loaves with ease, allowing you to toast a variety of bread beyond just standard sandwich slices.

Adjustable slot options add versatility by enabling you to customize the slot width to suit different bread sizes and thicknesses, which is especially helpful when switching between thin sliced bread and thicker textured options. This feature ensures that the bread is held securely during toasting, providing consistent browning and preventing uneven heating. For those who enjoy breakfast staples like thick bagels or homemade bread, selecting a toaster with sufficiently wide and adjustable slots means greater flexibility and convenience in daily use.

Safety features

When choosing the best 2 slice toaster with wide slot, paying attention to safety features can greatly enhance the overall kitchen experience. A toaster with an automatic shutoff function provides peace of mind by stopping the heating process as soon as the toast is ready or if it gets stuck, reducing the risk of overheating or fire hazards. Having a cooltouch exterior is beneficial when the appliance is in use, as it prevents accidental burns by keeping the outer surface safe to touch even during operation.

Additionally, cord storage and length are practical aspects that contribute to a safer and tidier kitchen environment. Properly stored cords prevent tripping hazards and clutter, while an adequate length ensures the toaster can be positioned comfortably close to power outlets without stretching cords across dangerous spaces.

Combining these features not only makes the toaster convenient to use but also protects you and your household from common kitchen accidents.

Additional features and price considerations

Choosing the right best 2 slice toaster with wide slot involves weighing the benefits of extrawide slots against their cost. These wider slots accommodate various bread types, from thick bagels to artisan slices, providing versatility in everyday use. While models with broader slots may carry a slightly higher price tag, the convenience often justifies the investment, especially for households with diverse toasting needs.

Brand reputation plays a significant role as well, since established manufacturers often offer reliable performance and customer support, including warranties that add peace of mind. Price ranges vary widely, allowing you to find options that balance features and budget effectively.

In essence, focusing on how the toaster aligns with your typical use, combined with trust in the brand and value for money, helps in making a satisfying purchase decision.

People Also Asked

How Do Wide Slots Improve The Toasting Experience Compared To Standard Slots?

Wide slots improve the toasting experience by accommodating a variety of bread types and thicknesses, such as bagels, artisan breads, and thick slices. This versatility ensures even toasting and prevents jams, enhancing convenience and quality.

Which Brands Offer The Most Reliable 2 Slice Toasters With Wide Slots?

Breville and Cuisinart are known for offering the most reliable 2-slice toasters with wide slots, combining durability and versatility. Their models often feature sturdy construction and adjustable settings to accommodate various bread types.

Are There Affordable Options For 2 Slice Toasters With Wide Slots That Don’T Compromise On Quality?

Yes, there are affordable 2-slice toasters with wide slots that maintain good quality, such as models from brands like Hamilton Beach and Black+Decker. These toasters offer reliable performance and versatility without breaking the bank.

What Features Should I Look For In The Best 2 Slice Toaster With Wide Slots?

Look for a 2-slice toaster with wide slots that can accommodate various bread types, including thick slices and bagels. Additionally, features like multiple browning settings, a high-lift lever, and easy-to-clean crumb trays enhance convenience and usability.

What Are The Best 2 Slice Toasters With Wide Slots For Toasting Bagels And Thick Bread?

The best 2-slice toasters with wide slots for toasting bagels and thick bread are the Breville BTA820XL and the Cuisinart CPT-180, both offering adjustable wide slots and multiple browning settings for even toasting. These models also feature specific bagel modes to toast the cut side perfectly while warming the outside.

Conclusion

Choosing the best 2 slice toaster with wide slot depends on balancing convenience, performance, and durability. These toasters offer the flexibility to accommodate various bread sizes, including thick slices and bagels, making them ideal for small households or anyone who values versatility. While some models may have fewer browning settings or a slightly larger footprint, the overall ease of use and quick toasting speeds often outweigh these minor drawbacks.

While some models may have fewer browning settings or a slightly larger footprint, the overall ease of use and quick toasting speeds often outweigh these minor drawbacks. For buyers seeking a reliable appliance that fits compact kitchens without sacrificing functionality, a wide-slot 2 slice toaster is a practical choice. Ultimately, selecting one that matches your specific preferences and budget will provide consistent results and enhance your morning routine without unnecessary complexity.