Top 10 Best Hand Coffee Grinder Under 100 You Can’t Miss

As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. This post contains affiliate links. Which means I may earn a small commission when make a purchase through my links, at no additional cost to you.

Like many coffee lovers, you want to enjoy fresh, flavorful coffee without spending too much on bulky or electric grinders. A hand coffee grinder can be a simple, effective solution, especially when it’s affordable and reliable.

This type of grinder suits anyone who values manual control and portability, whether at home or on the go. In this review, you’ll learn about the key features, benefits, and possible drawbacks of some of the best options in this price range.

By the end, you’ll have a clearer idea of which hand grinder fits your needs and brewing style best.

Discover Top Picks That Deliver Quality and Value Without Breaking the Bank

ImageProductPrice
Our Recommended 1
Mini Manual Coffee Grinder with 40 Adjustable Settings, Portable Hand
Check Price
Our Recommended 2
JavaPresse Manual Stainless Steel Coffee Grinder – 18 Adjustable Settings,
Check Price
Our Recommended 3
World’s First 60g Large Capacity Manual Coffee Grinder, Portable Hand
Check Price

1. Mini Manual Coffee Grinder with 40 Adjustable Settings, Portable Hand

Experience freshly ground coffee wherever you go with the Mini Manual Coffee Grinder. Its compact and lightweight design makes it perfect for travel, camping, or everyday use at home.

Designed for convenience and precision, this portable hand grinder is a great companion for anyone who appreciates the ritual of brewing. Its external adjustable settings let you explore a wide range of grind sizes to match your preferred brewing method perfectly.

The Mini Manual Coffee Grinder features 40 precise external grind settings, allowing you to tailor your coffee grinds without dealing with stray particles. This thoughtful adjustment mechanism broadens your coffee flavor choices, whether you prefer espresso, pour-over, or French press.

7×2.3×7.

4 inches, make it easy to carry in backpacks or store in kitchen drawers. A ceramic conical burr system provides a consistent grind size while generating less heat, which helps retain the beans’ natural flavors.

With a 30g bean capacity, grinding a decent amount of coffee at once becomes efficient for personal use. Cleaning is hassle-free thanks to the detachable parts and included brush, though it’s recommended to avoid water to maintain the grinder’s longevity and preserve taste.

It’s well-suited for those who prefer manual grinding, appreciate fine control, and value portability without compromising quality.

Pros

  • 40 external adjustable grind settings for precise control
  • Lightweight and portable, ideal for travel and outdoor use
  • Ceramic conical burr preserves coffee flavor with uniform grind

Cons

  • Manual operation requires some effort, which may not suit everyone

Offering a combination of precision, portability, and ease of use, this manual coffee grinder stands out as a dependable choice. It suits individuals seeking quality grinds without relying on electric machines and adds charm to coffee preparation anywhere.

2. JavaPresse Manual Stainless Steel Coffee Grinder – 18 Adjustable Settings,

Experience the art of coffee grinding with the JavaPresse Manual Stainless Steel Coffee Grinder. Designed to bring precision and freshness right to your fingertips, this grinder offers exceptional control over grind size with 18 adjustable settings.

Compact and crafted with quality materials, it’s an ideal companion for those who appreciate freshly ground coffee at home or while traveling. The ceramic burr ensures durability and consistent grind size, enhancing the flavors of your favorite coffee beans every time you brew.

The JavaPresse manual grinder stands out with its professional-grade ceramic conical burrs that produce uniform grinds. These burrs are designed to last five times longer than standard steel versions, making this grinder a long-term investment.

Its 18-step adjustable grind settings provide precise control whether you prefer a coarse grind for French press or a fine grind for espresso.

Operating without batteries or power cords, this hand grinder keeps noise and static to a minimum. It is highly portable and easy to use, making it a solid pick for daily use at home or on trips. The sturdy stainless steel frame and non-slip base create a reliable and stable grinding experience.

With effortless assembly and intuitive design, adjusting grind settings and grinding coffee beans becomes a straightforward process. This model delivers consistent performance that rivals many electric grinders in the market.

Pros

  • Durable ceramic burrs tested to last 5 times longer than steel burrs
  • 18 adjustable grind settings for versatile brewing methods
  • Portable, quiet, and cordless design ideal for home or travel

Cons

  • Manual operation requires time and effort compared to electric grinders

Overall, the JavaPresse Manual Coffee Grinder delivers great consistency and excellent build quality at a practical size. Its precise control and durable design make it a reliable choice for anyone seeking fresh ground coffee daily. Whether at home or on the move, it balances quality and convenience without unnecessary complexity.

Whether at home or on the move, it balances quality and convenience without unnecessary complexity.

3. World’s First 60g Large Capacity Manual Coffee Grinder, Portable Hand

Meet the world’s first manual coffee grinder with a groundbreaking 60g capacity that doubles the usual batch size. Designed for coffee lovers who want to save time and enjoy uninterrupted grinding sessions, it offers convenience without compromising flavor. Whether at home or on the go, this grinder delivers freshness and precision in every cup.

Enjoy a versatile grinding tool that adapts quickly to your brewing method. From fine espresso to coarse French press, dial in your perfect grind with 40 external settings easily accessible on the click-ring. Its durable stainless steel burr ensures fast and consistent results, maintaining the full taste profile of your beans with every grind.

This manual grinder stands out with its 60-gram capacity, allowing you to grind larger quantities of beans in fewer sessions. The external adjustment dial simplifies switching between grind sizes, eliminating messy internal changes. Each click modifies the grind by a precise

05mm, a level preferred by professional tasters for consistency.

Constructed with precision CNC stainless steel burrs, it delivers uniform grinding quickly, enhancing extraction and flavor. Weighing just 416 grams, its compact size (7 x

7 x 8 x 3 inches) fits easily into a backpack or suitcase, making it a reliable companion for travel, camping, or daily use.

Users find it straightforward to use—just attach the catch jar, fill with beans, place the handle, and turn. The grinder supports various brewing styles like cold brew, pour-over, and French press. Backed by a one-year warranty, it comes with customer support to ensure satisfaction.

Backed by a one-year warranty, it comes with customer support to ensure satisfaction. Ideal for anyone who appreciates barista-quality coffee on the move or at home.

Pros

  • Generous 60g bean capacity minimizes grinding interruptions
  • 40 external grind settings for easy, precise adjustments
  • Durable stainless steel burr delivers fast, consistent grinds

Cons

  • Handle and lid fit by sliding on and may detach if not secured carefully

Combining practical design with expert-level precision, this grinder offers exceptional value. It outperforms many manual grinders in capacity and ease of use, making it an excellent choice for those seeking reliable, high-quality coffee grinding without hassle.

4. TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro Manual Coffee Grinder, Stainless Steel S2C

Experience precision and durability in your coffee grinding routine with the TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro Manual Coffee Grinder. Designed to meet the demands of both casual drinkers and dedicated brewers, it combines stylish all-metal craftsmanship with advanced grinding technology.

The compact design includes thoughtful features for ease of use and portability, ensuring a reliable grind wherever your day takes you. Its long-lasting build and adjustable settings allow personalization for various brewing methods, making it a versatile addition to any coffee setup.

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro stands out with its full metal aluminum alloy body, providing exceptional resilience against wear and tear. This robust frame not only protects its internal parts but dissipates heat efficiently during grinding, keeping your coffee fresh and flavorful.

The foldable crank handle increases portability and saves storage space, which is perfect for home kitchens and outdoor use. Its smooth rotation is aided by a built-in bearing system, reducing effort required to grind and allowing continuous turning even when the hand is released. The grinder measures just 52 mm in diameter, fitting comfortably in various hand sizes for added convenience.

The grinder measures just 52 mm in diameter, fitting comfortably in various hand sizes for added convenience.

Adjustable coarseness with around 36 levels lets users dial in the perfect grind for filters, French press, Aeropress, and drip brews. The simple twist mechanism alters the grind size from fine to coarse with precision. Maintenance is hassle-free as parts disassemble easily for cleaning; a cleaning brush is included to keep the burrs in optimal condition.

Maintenance is hassle-free as parts disassemble easily for cleaning; a cleaning brush is included to keep the burrs in optimal condition. Overall, its balance of quality materials, consistent performance, and portability meets the needs of many home brewers.

Pros

  • Durable aluminum alloy body with excellent heat dissipation
  • Precision S2C conical burr ensures uniform grind size
  • Foldable handle for easy storage and travel portability

Cons

  • Not designed for espresso-level fine grinds

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro offers a compelling blend of durability, grind consistency, and user-friendly design. Suitable for various coffee brewing styles, it provides excellent value to those seeking a reliable manual grinder with high-quality construction. Compared to other options, it delivers fast, smooth grinding and easy maintenance, standing out as a smart choice for everyday coffee preparation.

5. TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S Manual Coffee Grinder – Full Metal Body,

Experience the perfect balance of precision and durability with the TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S Manual Coffee Grinder. Crafted with a robust full metal body, this grinder delivers consistent, uniform grounds every time. Whether you prefer pour-over, French press, or espresso, the adjustable grind settings will help you achieve your desired coffee style.

Designed to withstand regular use without compromising style, the upgraded metal construction solves previous durability issues. Lightweight yet sturdy, it is a convenient companion for both home brewing and travel adventures. Grind your coffee beans effortlessly with the extended handle, making each morning brew a satisfying ritual.

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S features a CNC-machined stainless steel conical burr measuring 38 mm, ensuring even grinding and reducing unwanted fine particles. Its double bearing central axis holds precise positioning, which results in a consistent grind size across beans. This accuracy is vital for extracting the best flavors from your coffee.

Adjust the coarseness internally with ease to suit a variety of brewing methods including drip, espresso, and Turkish coffee. The grinding blade’s high hardness rating (55-58HRC) aids in achieving uniform particle size, enhancing your coffee’s taste.

Cleaning is hassle-free since it can be disassembled easily and comes with a cleaning brush. The ergonomically shaped stainless-steel handle spins smoothly, allowing you to grind enough coffee for a sizable cup in about a minute. Its compact build is perfect for daily use and travel, though its capacity best suits single to one-and-a-half cup preparations.

Its compact build is perfect for daily use and travel, though its capacity best suits single to one-and-a-half cup preparations.

Pros

  • Durable full metal body prevents breakage and adds longevity
  • Precise grind adjustment for multiple brewing methods
  • Ergonomic handle design enables effortless grinding

Cons

  • Small capacity suitable mainly for single or small batch brewing

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S stands out for its durability, precision, and ease of use. It offers excellent value for those seeking a reliable manual grinder able to handle various coffee styles.

6. Manual Coffee Grinder With Ceramics Burr For Espresso,French Press,40 Adjustable

Experience the joy of freshly ground coffee with a manual grinder designed for both versatility and precision. Offering 40 adjustable settings, this coffee grinder caters perfectly to espresso lovers and French press fans alike.

The durable conical ceramic burr guarantees a consistent grind size, enhancing the flavor and aroma with every use. Its compact and efficient design makes quality coffee easily accessible wherever you are.

Crafted with a stainless steel body and ceramic burr, this grinder combines durability with smooth grinding. The ceramic burr resists heat buildup, preserving the beans’ natural taste during the grinding process. Having four dozen adjustable settings allows customization from fine espresso to coarse French press grounds without hassle.

Having four dozen adjustable settings allows customization from fine espresso to coarse French press grounds without hassle.

The handle turns smoothly without wobble, making grinding a satisfying, quiet experience. One fill is enough for about two cups, ideal for small batches or morning routines.

Adjusting the grind is straightforward, with clicks that lock the setting firmly in place to prevent accidental changes. The build quality feels solid and reliable, reflecting careful attention to detail. Its elegant design also fits well in any kitchen setup or travel bag.

Its elegant design also fits well in any kitchen setup or travel bag.

Pros

  • Consistent, uniform grind with 40 adjustable settings
  • Durable ceramic burr prevents bean overheating
  • Compact, lightweight design ideal for travel and daily use

Cons

  • Capacity limited to about two cups per grind

Overall, this manual coffee grinder stands out for precision, durability, and ease of use. It offers excellent value, especially for those seeking well-ground coffee on-the-go without the noise or electricity of electric grinders.

Compared to other manual grinders, it balances quality and portability admirably.

7. Manual Coffee Grinder, Adjustable Grinding Settings, Stainless Steel Burrs, Portable

Discover a versatile manual coffee grinder designed to deliver precise and consistent grounds. This portable grinder enhances your coffee ritual by allowing you to tailor grinds for different brewing styles. Enjoy freshly ground coffee wherever your day takes you.

Enjoy freshly ground coffee wherever your day takes you.

Compact and crafted for durability, it combines convenience with high-quality performance. Whether at home, work, or outdoors, it makes crafting rich, flavorful coffee simple and satisfying.

The Manual Coffee Grinder features a robust 38mm stainless steel burr that ensures even and consistent coffee grounds every time. It offers 30 grind settings, providing excellent control for brewing methods such as French press, drip, Moka pot, and espresso.

Constructed with an aluminum alloy body, ABS handle, and a CNC420 steel core, the grinder combines strength with lightweight portability. Its streamlined size (9×2 inches) fits comfortably in bags or backpacks, making it ideal for travel or daily use.

9×2 inches) fits comfortably in bags or backpacks, making it ideal for travel or daily use. Additionally, the parts are easy to disassemble and clean, with a brush included to maintain its performance.

Performance-wise, this grinder stands out with the CNC stainless steel core, which outperforms typical ceramic burrs by offering greater wear resistance and enhanced flavor extraction. This results in a well-balanced cup with rich aromatic layers.

Suitable for all coffee lovers seeking a reliable, adjustable grinder, it presents a practical choice for fresh-brew aficionados. Customer reviews highlight its effectiveness across various brew styles, supporting its reputation for quality and consistency.

Pros

  • Precision stainless steel burr for consistent grinding
  • Adjustable settings fit multiple brewing methods
  • Durable build with lightweight, portable design

Cons

  • Manual grinding may require time and effort for larger batches

This manual coffee grinder combines quality components and adaptable grind settings to satisfy a variety of brewing needs. Its portability and durability make it an excellent companion for those who want fresh coffee on the go without compromising flavor.

8. World’s First 60g Large Capacity Manual Coffee Grinder, Portable Hand

Experience unmatched convenience with the World’s First 60g Large Capacity Manual Coffee Grinder. Designed to grind twice the beans typical grinders hold, it’s perfect for anyone needing a larger batch without interruptions. Portable and efficient, it ensures fresh coffee grinds wherever you are.

Enjoy the freedom to grind the exact amount you want once, eliminating multiple grinding rounds. Whether for a morning routine, camping trip, or family brew, this grinder optimizes your coffee preparation with precision and ease.

This portable hand grinder boasts a remarkable 60g capacity, double the standard size found in most manual grinders. Its external dial features 40 precise click settings, allowing seamless transition from espresso to French press grind sizes.

The ceramic conical burr delivers consistent, heat-free grinding that preserves the coffee’s natural flavors. This material also helps reduce wear and tear, making it durable for daily use.

Weighing only 346 grams, its compact form fits perfectly in travel bags or backpacks without adding extra bulk.

Effortless to operate, the handle and clear lid are integrated for stability during use. Users appreciate the ease of refilling beans and the reliable grind output that supports various brewing methods.

It’s ideal for travelers, campers, or home brewers looking for precision and portability combined.

Pros

  • Large 60g capacity reduces grinding sessions for bigger brews.
  • Precise 40-step external adjustment dial for various grind sizes.
  • Ceramic burr ensures even grind and maintains pure coffee flavor.

Cons

  • Smaller size may require more effort during prolonged grinding.

Combining large capacity and meticulous grind control, this manual coffee grinder meets the needs of diverse brewing styles. Its portability and build quality offer excellent value, making it a practical choice for those seeking fresh, lab-accurate grinds on the move or at home.

9. Manual Coffee Grinder, Adjustable Grinding Settings, Stainless Steel Burrs, Portable

Experience the joy of freshly ground coffee anywhere with the Manual Coffee Grinder. Designed for coffee lovers who value precision and portability, this grinder combines durability with ease of use. Its compact size makes it an ideal companion whether at home, work, or on the go.

Providing adjustable grinding settings and a stainless steel burr, this tool offers consistent results every time. Perfectly crafted to suit various brewing methods, it’s a reliable choice for anyone seeking to enhance their coffee ritual.

The manual grinder features a 38mm stainless steel burr that guarantees uniform and efficient grinding. With 30 adjustable clicks, it allows precise control over the grind size, supporting methods like French press, drip coffee, and Moka pot. This versatility helps extract maximum flavor from your beans with every use.

This versatility helps extract maximum flavor from your beans with every use.

Constructed from a sturdy aluminum alloy body and equipped with a CNC420 steel core, it withstands daily wear. The included cleaning brush simplifies maintenance, ensuring the grinder performs well for the long term.

Its lightweight design measuring only 9 by 2 inches enhances portability for travel or outdoor activities.

Compared to ceramic burrs, the steel grinding core improves flavor extraction through its durability and sharper performance. User reviews highlight its consistent grind quality for French press, pour-over, and even espresso. This grinder balances form, functionality, and value, appealing to casual brewers and aficionados alike.

This grinder balances form, functionality, and value, appealing to casual brewers and aficionados alike.

Pros

  • Adjustable grind settings suitable for various brewing styles
  • Durable stainless steel burr offering even, consistent grinding
  • Compact and lightweight, perfect for travel or daily use

Cons

  • Manual operation requires effort, which may not suit everyone

Offering reliable performance and excellent portability, this manual coffee grinder provides coffee enthusiasts with a practical way to enjoy freshly ground beans anywhere. It stands out by combining solid build quality with adjustable precision, making it a valuable tool for various brewing preferences.

10. TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S Manual Coffee Grinder Stainless Steel S2C Conical

Experience precise and effortless coffee grinding with the TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S Manual Coffee Grinder. Crafted from durable stainless steel, it blends robust construction with premium design.

Its compact frame and smooth operation make it an ideal companion for fresh coffee lovers.

Designed for those who appreciate control over grind size, this grinder features 36 adjustable settings to tailor your coffee’s texture. Whether at home or on the go, it offers consistent results and convenience in one sleek package.

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S stands out due to its full metal unibody that eliminates fragility found in earlier models. With a 38 mm CNC-machined stainless steel conical burr, it promises even grinding that preserves flavor integrity.

Adjusting grind coarseness is straightforward; rotate clockwise for finer powder or counterclockwise for coarser grounds. This precision spans approximately 36 levels, allowing customization suitable for methods like French press or espresso.

Effort is minimized by a built-in bearing that keeps the handle turning smoothly after release. The compact 52 mm body fits comfortably in small hands, and grinding requires minimal force. The milling blade’s durable 55-58HRC hardness maintains consistency while reducing fine powder formation.

Weighing just 700 grams, the grinder balances portability with a luxurious feel. It’s easily disassembled for quick cleaning with a brush, making upkeep simple.

Ideal for everyday use or travel, it offers excellent value without sacrificing performance.

Pros

  • Durable stainless steel unibody construction prevents damage and enhances longevity
  • Adjustable grind settings provide precise control over coarseness across 36 levels
  • Smooth operation with minimal effort due to built-in bearing and ergonomic design

Cons

  • Limited bean capacity (approximately 24 grams) may require multiple refills for larger servings

The TIMEMORE Chestnut C2S manual grinder offers a perfect balance of precision, durability, and portability. Its solid build and excellent grind consistency make it a smart choice for those seeking quality without investing in higher-end electric grinders.

Top Hand Coffee Grinders Under $100: Buying Guide 2024

Ease of use and cleaning

When choosing a hand coffee grinder, paying attention to grinding speed and the effort required can make a big difference in your daily routine. A grinder that operates smoothly with minimal resistance allows for a more enjoyable experience and less fatigue during use. Being able to take the unit apart easily also adds convenience since thorough cleaning helps maintain the grinder’s performance and longevity.

Good maintenance usually involves simple steps such as disassembling parts for washing and occasional lubrication, which keeps the mechanism operating quietly and efficiently. Selecting a model designed for straightforward maintenance can save time and prevent buildup of coffee residue, ensuring better tasting coffee every time.

Price and warranty

Finding a hand coffee grinder that offers great value for money within a $100 budget means balancing quality materials and efficient grinding ability. Many options in this range provide durable ceramic or stainless steel burrs that maintain consistency over time, which contributes to longterm reliability.

When selecting a grinder, it’s helpful to focus on models that combine ease of use with sturdy construction, ensuring that your purchase lasts through daily use and allows you to enjoy freshly ground coffee without frequent replacements or repairs.

Grinding mechanism and consistency

Choosing a coffee grinder often involves deciding between burr and blade grinders. Burr grinders crush coffee beans between two abrasive surfaces, providing a more uniform grind which is ideal for consistent brewing. Blade grinders, on the other hand, chop beans irregularly, resulting in less consistency.

Having options to adjust the grind size is helpful for tailoring the coffee grounds to different brewing methods such as French press, drip, or espresso. A grinder that offers multiple settings allows switching from coarse to fine grinds with ease, adapting to personal taste preferences and brewing devices.

The consistency of grind plays a strong role in extraction, affecting flavor and strength, so a grinder capable of producing even particles supports a better cup of coffee across various techniques.

Capacity and size

When selecting the best hand coffee grinder under 100, it helps to think about how much coffee you typically brew at once and where you plan to use the grinder. The bean hopper capacity should be ample enough to hold enough beans for your preferred amount of daily coffee, avoiding frequent refills during use.

For those who travel or simply want a compact device at home, the overall size plays an important role; models that are lightweight and compact fit easily into bags or kitchen drawers without taking up too much space. Additionally, ease of storage is enhanced by designs that can be disassembled or feature protective cases, making it simple to keep the grinder clean and ready to go. Balancing these features ensures a practical and convenient hand coffee grinder that fits seamlessly into your daily routine.

Build quality and materials

Choosing a hand coffee grinder involves paying attention to how well it is made and the materials used in its construction. Grinders crafted with stainless steel or ceramic burrs offer lasting performance because these materials resist wear and help maintain grinding consistency over time. Considering how the handle and the body feel in your hands adds to the experience since ergonomic designs make grinding smoother and less tiring, especially if you plan to use it frequently.

Another important aspect is portability; a lightweight and compact grinder makes it easy to carry for outdoor use or travel without adding unnecessary bulk to your bag. Balancing durability, comfort, and portability will guide you in finding a grinder that suits your daily routine and coffee brewing needs perfectly.

People Also Asked

Are Hand Coffee Grinders Under $1Durable And Reliable For Daily Use?

Hand coffee grinders under $1 are generally not durable or reliable for daily use, as they are often made with low-quality materials and lack precision. For consistent performance and longevity, investing in a higher-quality grinder is recommended.

What Features Should I Look For In A Hand Coffee Grinder Under $10

Look for a hand coffee grinder under $10 with durable materials like stainless steel or ceramic burrs for consistent grind size, and an ergonomic design for comfortable use. Additionally, ensure it has adjustable grind settings and is easy to clean for convenience.

What Are The Best Hand Coffee Grinders Available Under $10

Finding high-quality hand coffee grinders under $10 can be challenging, but budget options like the Hario Mini Mill Slim and the JavaPresse Manual Coffee Grinder offer decent performance for the price. However, for the best grind consistency and durability, slightly higher-priced models are generally recommended.

Can I Achieve A Consistent Grind Size With A Hand Coffee Grinder Under $100?

Yes, you can achieve a consistent grind size with a hand coffee grinder under $100, especially from reputable brands known for quality burrs. However, the consistency may not be as precise as higher-end models, but it is generally sufficient for most brewing methods.

How Does A Hand Coffee Grinder Under $1Compare To More Expensive Models?

A hand coffee grinder under $100 typically offers basic functionality with less precise grind consistency and durability compared to more expensive models. Higher-end grinders often provide finer grind control, sturdier materials, and a smoother grinding experience.

Conclusion

Choosing the best hand coffee grinder under 100 involves balancing quality, durability, and ease of use without exceeding your budget. Many models in this price range offer sturdy construction, adjustable grind settings, and consistent performance, making them suitable for casual coffee drinkers and those exploring manual grinding.

While some grinders may require extra effort or time compared to electric counterparts, they provide greater control and portability. Potential buyers should consider how often they brew manually and whether they prefer compactness or larger capacity. Overall, the best hand coffee grinder under 100 delivers reliable grinding at an affordable price, making it a practical choice for those who appreciate fresh coffee without investing in high-end equipment.

This ensures a satisfying brewing experience while keeping costs manageable.

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *